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Ko te hauota wai, ko tōna tauira matū ko N₂, he wai kore tae, kore kakara, kāore hoki he paitini e whiwhihia ana mā te whakarewa i te hauota mā te tukanga whakamatao hohonu. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te rangahau pūtaiao, te rongoā, te ahumahi, me te whakatio kai nā te mea he tino iti te pāmahana me ngā momo whakamahinga. Nō reira, me pēhea te hanganga o te hauota wai? Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga he whakautu taipitopito ki tēnei pātai mai i ētahi āhuatanga: te tango hauota, te tikanga wehewehe hau whakamatao hohonu, te tukanga whakaputa hauota wai, me ōna whakamahinga mahi.

Te tango hauota

Ko te hanga hauota wai me mahi tuatahi i te hanga hauota parakore. Ko te hauota te wāhanga matua o te āhuarangi o te Ao, e 78% te rahinga o te hau. Ko te tango hauota ka mahia mā te whakamahi i te hangarau wehewehe hau makariri hohonu, i ngā tikanga mimiti pēhanga rānei (PSA). Ko te wehenga hau makariri hohonu te tikanga ahumahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Mā te pēhi me te whakamatao i te hau, ka wehea te hāora, te hauota, me ētahi atu wāhanga hau i ngā pāmahana rerekē. Ka whakamahia e te tikanga mimiti pēhanga ngā āhuatanga mimiti rerekē o ngā mea mimiti mō ngā hau rerekē, ka tutuki ai te hauota parakore teitei mā te huringa mimiti me te mimiti. Mā ēnei tikanga ka whakarite i te parakore me te kounga o te hauota hei rauemi mata mō te tukanga whakaputa hauota wai.

Tikanga wehewehe hau makariri hōhonu

Ko te tikanga wehewehe hau makariri hōhonu tētahi o ngā mahi matua o te hanga hauota wai. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga ngā pūmahana kohua rerekē o ngā hau i te rangi hei whakarewa me te mimiti haere i te hauota, te hāora, me ētahi atu wāhanga hau. Ko te pūmahana kohua o te hauota he -195.8℃, ko te pūmahana kohua o te hāora he -183℃. Mā te whakaheke haere i te pāmahana, ka whakarewahia te hāora i te tuatahi, ka wehea mai i ētahi atu hau, ka waiho te toenga hei hauota parakore ake. Muri iho, ka whakamataohia anō tēnei hauota ki raro i tōna pūmahana kohua hei whakarewa hei hauota wai, koinei te kaupapa matua o te hanganga hauota wai.

Te tukanga whakaputa hauota wai

He maha ngā mahi matua o te tukanga whakaputa hauota wai: Tuatahi, ka pēhia te hau, ka purea hei tango i ngā poke pēnei i te wai me te hauhā waro; kātahi ka whakamataohia te hau, i te nuinga o te wā ki te -100℃ hei whakapai ake i te pai o te wehenga; muri iho, ka mahia te wehenga matao hohonu, ka whakamatao haere i te hau ki te pāmahana wai o te hauota hei whiwhi i te hau hauota wai. I roto i tēnei tukanga, he mahi nui tā ngā whakawhiti wera me ngā pourewa wehewehe ki te whakarite kia whai hua te wehenga o ngā wāhanga rerekē i ngā pāmahana e tika ana. Hei whakamutunga, ka rongoatia te hau hauota wai ki roto i ngā ipu motuhake kua hangaia hei pupuri i tōna pāmahana tino iti me te ārai i te ngaronga o te mimiti.

Ngā wero hangarau i roto i te hanganga hauota wai

Ko te hanganga o te hauota wai me wikitoria i ētahi wero hangarau. Ko te tuatahi ko te pupuri i tētahi taiao pāmahana iti, nā te mea he tino iti te pāmahana kohua o te hauota wai. I te wā o te tukanga waimeha, me pupuri te pāmahana i raro i te -195.8℃, e hiahiatia ana he taputapu whakamatao me ngā rauemi whakamarumaru mahi teitei. Tuarua, i te wā o te tukanga makariri hohonu, me karo te nui o te hauota i te mea he kaha ngā āhuatanga waikura o te hāora wai, ā, he tūponotanga haumaru pea. Nō reira, i te wā o te tukanga hoahoa, me whakahaere tika te tukanga wehenga hauota-hāora, ā, me whakamahi i ngā rauemi e tika ana hei whakarite i te haumaru me te pumau o te pūnaha. Hei tāpiri, ko te kawe me te rokiroki o te hauota wai me whakamahi i ngā ipu Dewar motuhake hei ārai i te pikinga o te pāmahana me te ngaronga o te hauota wai.

Ngā whakamahinga tuturu o te hauota wai

Nā ngā āhuatanga pāmahana iti o te hauota wai, ka whānui te whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo mara. I roto i te rongoā, ka whakamahia te hauota wai i roto i te pokanga kiri me te tiaki kiko, pērā i te whakatio i ngā whara kiri me te tiaki i ngā tauira koiora. I roto i te umanga kai, ka whakamahia te hauota wai mō te whakatio tere i te kai, nā te mea ka taea e tōna taiao pāmahana tino iti te whakatio tere i te kai, ka whakaiti i te kino ki te hanganga pūtau, ā, ka mau tonu te reka taketake me te kai o te kai. I roto i te mara rangahau, ka whānui te whakamahinga o te hauota wai i roto i te rangahau superconductivity, ngā whakamātautau ahupūngao pāmahana iti, me ētahi atu, e whakarato ana i tētahi taiao whakamātautau pāmahana tino iti. Hei tāpiri, i roto i te hanga ahumahi, ka whakamahia te hauota wai i roto i te tukatuka whakarewa, te maimoatanga wera, me te hau kore mahi hei ārai i ētahi tauhohenga matū. Whakamutunga

He tukanga ā-tinana uaua te tukanga hanganga o te hauota wai, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka tutuki mā roto i ngā tikanga wehewehe hau makariri hohonu me ngā hangarau waimeha. Nā te āhua pāmahana iti o te hauota wai ka whai wāhi nui ia ki ngā momo mara pēnei i te ahumahi, te rongoā, me te rangahau. Mai i te tangohanga o te hau hauota ki te waimeha makariri hohonu, ā, i te mutunga ki tōna whakamahinga, e whakaatu ana ia taahiraa i te mana o ngā hangarau whakamatao me te wehewehe matatau. I roto i ngā mahi mahi, me arotau tonu hoki ngā tohunga hangarau i te tukanga whakaputa hei whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hauota wai.

He kaihanga me te kaweake mātou i te waeine wehewehe hau. Mēnā kei te hiahia koe ki te mōhio atu mō mātou:

Tangata whakapā：Anna

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